1 00:00:00,260 --> 00:00:10,879 [Music] 2 00:00:15,060 --> 00:00:13,200 that all of my talk is the bracelet and 3 00:00:16,650 --> 00:00:15,070 search for techno signatures and I hope 4 00:00:20,279 --> 00:00:16,660 by the end of my talk that will make 5 00:00:23,580 --> 00:00:20,289 sense I'm gonna start with this question 6 00:00:25,109 --> 00:00:23,590 what is steady so I want to ask this 7 00:00:28,499 --> 00:00:25,119 question to all of you if you can raise 8 00:00:34,860 --> 00:00:28,509 your hands it before today you have 9 00:00:37,410 --> 00:00:34,870 heard the term steady Wow okay good so 10 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:37,420 hopefully you all know then why it means 11 00:00:41,070 --> 00:00:39,970 in any case for those of you that don't 12 00:00:43,140 --> 00:00:41,080 know 13 00:00:45,840 --> 00:00:43,150 Siri is it storage for terrestrial 14 00:00:50,190 --> 00:00:45,850 intelligence and it's a field of 15 00:00:51,930 --> 00:00:50,200 research which basically is between you 16 00:00:54,210 --> 00:00:51,940 have here so biology and communication 17 00:00:57,480 --> 00:00:54,220 technology and study live somewhere 18 00:00:59,610 --> 00:00:57,490 there through trying there have been 19 00:01:00,930 --> 00:00:59,620 many different institutions where they 20 00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:00,940 have done sorry 21 00:01:05,340 --> 00:01:02,890 one way or another I think at this 22 00:01:06,780 --> 00:01:05,350 moment the two main ones are probably 23 00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:06,790 have heard about the SETI Institute and 24 00:01:14,070 --> 00:01:08,890 I'm part of this one the Berkeley 25 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:14,080 Research Center in Berkeley so I'm gonna 26 00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:16,090 tell you more about my work talking bad 27 00:01:22,770 --> 00:01:18,640 but I going to actually start my talk 28 00:01:26,010 --> 00:01:22,780 now with an introduction in perspective 29 00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:26,020 of astrobiology and how there are 30 00:01:31,620 --> 00:01:28,240 several ways that we want to find life 31 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:31,630 outside our planet and I think basically 32 00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:33,490 there are three different ways and we 33 00:01:39,860 --> 00:01:36,490 have her talks about this today so 34 00:01:43,860 --> 00:01:39,870 basically we have in field sampling 35 00:01:46,380 --> 00:01:43,870 exoplanet atmospheres and setting for 36 00:01:49,020 --> 00:01:46,390 instead of sampling I think like the 37 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:49,030 cool thing about this one is that you 38 00:01:55,580 --> 00:01:52,090 basically doing a direct detection of 39 00:01:58,940 --> 00:01:55,590 life either you go to Mars or well or 40 00:02:01,920 --> 00:01:58,950 some of the moons of our solar system 41 00:02:03,899 --> 00:02:01,930 you will be able to find some kind of 42 00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:03,909 life you're looking for fossils as with 43 00:02:10,009 --> 00:02:07,510 her maybe that's more difficult in 44 00:02:13,890 --> 00:02:10,019 contrast this other two methods are 45 00:02:16,979 --> 00:02:13,900 remote sensing you're finding signatures 46 00:02:17,700 --> 00:02:16,989 that like one way or another creates and 47 00:02:22,530 --> 00:02:17,710 you can 48 00:02:24,810 --> 00:02:22,540 interpret those as life may I guess made 49 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:24,820 by life so the first one is when you 50 00:02:29,820 --> 00:02:26,730 looking at the atmospheres of exoplanets 51 00:02:31,950 --> 00:02:29,830 as we heard from Andrew earlier we have 52 00:02:33,330 --> 00:02:31,960 what is called bio signatures so you're 53 00:02:35,220 --> 00:02:33,340 looking at the atmospheres and by 54 00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:35,230 looking at their composition you can 55 00:02:39,780 --> 00:02:37,450 realize if there are some elements there 56 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:39,790 that the only way that you can have them 57 00:02:46,590 --> 00:02:42,610 is because some biological process is 58 00:02:48,180 --> 00:02:46,600 creating them in the case of sorry we 59 00:02:51,500 --> 00:02:48,190 have words called signal signatures and 60 00:02:53,790 --> 00:02:51,510 I'll explain more about that later 61 00:02:55,980 --> 00:02:53,800 one extra comparison that I want to make 62 00:02:59,640 --> 00:02:55,990 about all of this is that we might think 63 00:03:02,160 --> 00:02:59,650 that in general looking for microbial 64 00:03:06,210 --> 00:03:02,170 life or simpler forms of life might be 65 00:03:08,640 --> 00:03:06,220 easier or it's easier to create so it 66 00:03:10,590 --> 00:03:08,650 might be actually easier to find but 67 00:03:11,190 --> 00:03:10,600 actually I think there is a reason why 68 00:03:13,920 --> 00:03:11,200 thing 69 00:03:18,180 --> 00:03:13,930 SETI is an in equal footing with all the 70 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:18,190 other options and that's the range so if 71 00:03:22,020 --> 00:03:20,410 we have in situ sampling at least from 72 00:03:24,450 --> 00:03:22,030 the next couple of decades I think that 73 00:03:28,070 --> 00:03:24,460 we are pretty much bound to a solar 74 00:03:30,300 --> 00:03:28,080 system and roll even less than ten 75 00:03:35,070 --> 00:03:30,310 planets or moons so we can search for 76 00:03:37,590 --> 00:03:35,080 life for the case of so planet 77 00:03:39,930 --> 00:03:37,600 atmospheres with the coming of vws T I 78 00:03:43,260 --> 00:03:39,940 think we're still banned for near white 79 00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:43,270 stars and that might be I don't know the 80 00:03:52,880 --> 00:03:45,430 numbers exactly but somewhere around say 81 00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:52,890 that's 104 the case of chedi we first 82 00:03:58,470 --> 00:03:55,960 limit ourselves to the same level of 83 00:04:02,010 --> 00:03:58,480 technology that we have we could already 84 00:04:04,710 --> 00:04:02,020 look for millions of stars and if we 85 00:04:07,050 --> 00:04:04,720 allow ourselves for advancements in 86 00:04:08,490 --> 00:04:07,060 technology just extrapolating from our 87 00:04:13,710 --> 00:04:08,500 own technology not going to something 88 00:04:16,979 --> 00:04:13,720 crazy we could easily get this number 89 00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:16,989 much higher so even though you know 90 00:04:22,830 --> 00:04:19,570 finding intelligent life somewhere else 91 00:04:24,420 --> 00:04:22,840 maybe in a way harder I mean the 92 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:24,430 probabilities of creating intelligent 93 00:04:30,170 --> 00:04:27,130 life might be much smaller than just 94 00:04:31,690 --> 00:04:30,180 life just by having larger numbers that 95 00:04:36,490 --> 00:04:31,700 my company 96 00:04:39,370 --> 00:04:36,500 that something that all of them share is 97 00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:39,380 that we don't have any other examples of 98 00:04:46,780 --> 00:04:42,770 life we don't really know what how 99 00:04:48,580 --> 00:04:46,790 common is life elsewhere so we can say 100 00:04:51,190 --> 00:04:48,590 that by the lack of constraints I 101 00:04:53,350 --> 00:04:51,200 basically likely that we live in the 102 00:04:55,540 --> 00:04:53,360 only biosphere in the galaxy or are 103 00:04:58,780 --> 00:04:55,550 thousands of them the same thing you can 104 00:05:01,510 --> 00:04:58,790 say for civilizations but I think a 105 00:05:03,460 --> 00:05:01,520 scout second set and this is very much 106 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:03,470 of the core of an Israeli experiment is 107 00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:05,330 that the only significant test for the 108 00:05:09,790 --> 00:05:06,650 sisters of extraterrestrial intelligence 109 00:05:11,530 --> 00:05:09,800 is an experimental one so what we're 110 00:05:13,750 --> 00:05:11,540 trying to do is make an experiment and 111 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:13,760 try to figure out if there is something 112 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:18,170 out there okay so so far I've been 113 00:05:21,100 --> 00:05:19,250 telling you about the search for 114 00:05:27,060 --> 00:05:21,110 extraterrestrial intelligence but 115 00:05:32,080 --> 00:05:29,710 we're actually doing is the search for 116 00:05:33,850 --> 00:05:32,090 terrestrial technology and we use 117 00:05:38,140 --> 00:05:33,860 technology as a proxy for intelligence 118 00:05:41,470 --> 00:05:38,150 so here on our own planet we probably 119 00:05:44,850 --> 00:05:41,480 have several examples what somebody 120 00:05:49,330 --> 00:05:44,860 could call intelligence but in order to 121 00:05:50,980 --> 00:05:49,340 communicate or in order to fear out if 122 00:05:53,140 --> 00:05:50,990 there is life at very large distances 123 00:05:56,590 --> 00:05:53,150 that is intelligent in the only way 124 00:05:59,100 --> 00:05:56,600 would be you know an example here were 125 00:06:01,890 --> 00:05:59,110 looking for intelligence that can create 126 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:01,900 very large buildings for instance and 127 00:06:07,150 --> 00:06:04,010 the type of technology that we're 128 00:06:09,220 --> 00:06:07,160 actually interested on is examples that 129 00:06:11,620 --> 00:06:09,230 we have in our own technology is a 130 00:06:13,840 --> 00:06:11,630 communication technology so finding a 131 00:06:16,270 --> 00:06:13,850 way to send a message across very large 132 00:06:18,730 --> 00:06:16,280 differences so these are some examples 133 00:06:21,790 --> 00:06:18,740 of that so for instance we have very 134 00:06:26,050 --> 00:06:21,800 high power TV or radio stations that can 135 00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:26,060 basically go around our planet they can 136 00:06:30,850 --> 00:06:28,700 actually those signals can go for many 137 00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:30,860 light-years from us 138 00:06:38,620 --> 00:06:34,850 they'll the strongest transmitter that 139 00:06:41,110 --> 00:06:38,630 we have in our planet is on the our 140 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:41,120 stable planet physical guy right there 141 00:06:45,610 --> 00:06:43,130 error anything they are receive all 142 00:06:49,210 --> 00:06:45,620 telescope you might have 143 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:49,220 known before this is a 300 meter dish in 144 00:06:54,670 --> 00:06:52,130 importer Rico and it's a strong that you 145 00:06:57,400 --> 00:06:54,680 can actually use it to map the surface 146 00:06:59,950 --> 00:06:57,410 of asteroids nearby asteroids in our own 147 00:07:02,409 --> 00:06:59,960 solar system it's pretty cool we also 148 00:07:03,939 --> 00:07:02,419 have examples not only from radio but 149 00:07:07,780 --> 00:07:03,949 also from optical where you can have 150 00:07:10,810 --> 00:07:07,790 basically a laser very powerful lasers 151 00:07:14,170 --> 00:07:10,820 that in principle I do China to a 152 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:14,180 different star who like outshine at 153 00:07:21,060 --> 00:07:17,690 those regions our own Sun by thousands 154 00:07:23,740 --> 00:07:21,070 of times okay 155 00:07:27,100 --> 00:07:23,750 so you can see that so far when I'm 156 00:07:29,620 --> 00:07:27,110 telling you is electromagnetic waves and 157 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:29,630 there are reasons why electromagnetic 158 00:07:37,090 --> 00:07:32,570 waves we think it's a way to go 159 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:37,100 it's a is the venue for communication 160 00:07:40,719 --> 00:07:39,050 and you know sometimes we have questions 161 00:07:42,420 --> 00:07:40,729 from people saying okay why 162 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:42,430 what is they're using I don't know 163 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:46,130 documents or neutrinos or gravitational 164 00:07:50,710 --> 00:07:48,050 waves or something else but there are 165 00:07:53,980 --> 00:07:50,720 actually reasons why electromagnetic 166 00:07:55,120 --> 00:07:53,990 waves is a very appealing metal and I 167 00:07:56,800 --> 00:07:55,130 just gonna see some of them and I'll 168 00:07:58,750 --> 00:07:56,810 tell you about that so the first one 169 00:08:01,150 --> 00:07:58,760 here is that they're easy to generate 170 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:01,160 and to receive I'm very cheap to make 171 00:08:07,629 --> 00:08:05,210 and that's obvious right so all our 172 00:08:10,240 --> 00:08:07,639 technology is based on this so the Wi-Fi 173 00:08:11,890 --> 00:08:10,250 in this room radio stations and many 174 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:11,900 other things are all based on this 175 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:15,530 control technology they travel the fast 176 00:08:19,960 --> 00:08:17,840 speed possible and that's the speed of 177 00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:19,970 light so we know from physics that there 178 00:08:23,890 --> 00:08:21,620 is not in the control faster than that 179 00:08:25,540 --> 00:08:23,900 so you can imagine whatever high 180 00:08:27,730 --> 00:08:25,550 technology that you can create the 181 00:08:34,089 --> 00:08:27,740 fastest rocket out there still it will 182 00:08:35,769 --> 00:08:34,099 be slower than this way there is also 183 00:08:38,380 --> 00:08:35,779 another thing about electromagnetic 184 00:08:42,390 --> 00:08:38,390 waves that help us on this and that's 185 00:08:47,170 --> 00:08:42,400 that you can easily distinguish 186 00:08:50,290 --> 00:08:47,180 artificial made signals from natural 187 00:08:52,990 --> 00:08:50,300 nature basic notes and one example of 188 00:08:56,020 --> 00:08:53,000 that is a Voyager and we like this 189 00:08:58,759 --> 00:08:56,030 spacecraft and thanks for for telling us 190 00:09:00,079 --> 00:08:58,769 about it earlier so 191 00:09:04,040 --> 00:09:00,089 has been travelling for several decades 192 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:04,050 not throwing through our solar system 193 00:09:06,379 --> 00:09:05,730 and it's just now outside of the solar 194 00:09:09,350 --> 00:09:06,389 system 195 00:09:13,309 --> 00:09:09,360 and it has a transmitter of 40 watts 196 00:09:15,889 --> 00:09:13,319 which is what your typical fridge light 197 00:09:18,109 --> 00:09:15,899 bulb has and we're able to detect that 198 00:09:21,910 --> 00:09:18,119 very easily so that's a very clear 199 00:09:24,979 --> 00:09:21,920 example to me that how with a very 200 00:09:27,470 --> 00:09:24,989 amount of energy you can send a message 201 00:09:29,859 --> 00:09:27,480 across very large distances so this is 202 00:09:31,789 --> 00:09:29,869 an example of actual signal from Voyager 203 00:09:34,489 --> 00:09:31,799 this is kind of the data that will look 204 00:09:37,910 --> 00:09:34,499 every day so you have here frequency and 205 00:09:41,179 --> 00:09:37,920 time so earlier on from Randall we're 206 00:09:43,009 --> 00:09:41,189 looking at spectrum radio spectrum so in 207 00:09:45,590 --> 00:09:43,019 this case what we call this is an ami 208 00:09:46,879 --> 00:09:45,600 spectrum so every time step you can in 209 00:09:49,039 --> 00:09:46,889 mind you have an spectrum and it's 210 00:09:54,949 --> 00:09:49,049 evolving in time in this case we have 211 00:09:57,079 --> 00:09:54,959 this very narrow band signal I'm coming 212 00:09:59,509 --> 00:09:57,089 back to my topic here about having an 213 00:10:03,289 --> 00:09:59,519 artificial signal is that if you see 214 00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:03,299 here of the numbers this only 50 Hertz 215 00:10:08,929 --> 00:10:05,970 wide here and there is nothing in nature 216 00:10:12,289 --> 00:10:08,939 that can create a signal that narrow the 217 00:10:15,139 --> 00:10:12,299 narrow is signals that you can create 218 00:10:17,509 --> 00:10:15,149 masers and so on are thousands of times 219 00:10:19,189 --> 00:10:17,519 wider than that so you find a signal 220 00:10:21,769 --> 00:10:19,199 that is this narrow coming from 221 00:10:24,910 --> 00:10:21,779 somewhere else the radar in view okay 222 00:10:30,679 --> 00:10:28,669 all right so they can do the same you 223 00:10:32,179 --> 00:10:30,689 can put all your energy or transmitter 224 00:10:34,429 --> 00:10:32,189 instead of putting all in air with one 225 00:10:36,319 --> 00:10:34,439 single frequency you can do the same but 226 00:10:38,809 --> 00:10:36,329 in time so you can put all your energy 227 00:10:40,910 --> 00:10:38,819 in a very amount of time and create some 228 00:10:43,249 --> 00:10:40,920 kind of pulse so that's something that 229 00:10:47,419 --> 00:10:43,259 for instant optical SETI experiments 230 00:10:48,739 --> 00:10:47,429 house trying to find so that's that's 231 00:10:50,929 --> 00:10:48,749 basically another way so there is 232 00:10:53,569 --> 00:10:50,939 examples in nature that can create this 233 00:10:55,729 --> 00:10:53,579 so for instance pulsars I don't know you 234 00:10:57,470 --> 00:10:55,739 have heard about that or FRBS fast radio 235 00:10:59,329 --> 00:10:57,480 bursts they're actually some theories 236 00:11:02,239 --> 00:10:59,339 that people think that I don't believe 237 00:11:04,819 --> 00:11:02,249 that but there's very famous scientists 238 00:11:06,829 --> 00:11:04,829 that they they have have papers out 239 00:11:11,780 --> 00:11:06,839 there that they can explain if RV's by 240 00:11:12,560 --> 00:11:11,790 some artificial means okay there is one 241 00:11:15,680 --> 00:11:12,570 more 242 00:11:17,420 --> 00:11:15,690 my electromagnetic waves is very 243 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:17,430 interesting to some signals and that 244 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:22,050 that they are able to traverse our 245 00:11:27,650 --> 00:11:24,330 galaxy with no much problem so they our 246 00:11:29,590 --> 00:11:27,660 galaxy is full of gas and dust and god 247 00:11:33,260 --> 00:11:29,600 block signals and you know for instance 248 00:11:35,390 --> 00:11:33,270 optical light is blocked by that for the 249 00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:35,400 case of radio in particular there is no 250 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:38,670 problem right so here in this room we 251 00:11:44,060 --> 00:11:39,930 know that we can get signals from 252 00:11:45,410 --> 00:11:44,070 outside it's kind of the same way so 253 00:11:47,270 --> 00:11:45,420 then what we can say it's like we don't 254 00:11:49,940 --> 00:11:47,280 really need to invoke any unknown 255 00:11:52,790 --> 00:11:49,950 physics to when we're talking about 256 00:11:53,300 --> 00:11:52,800 finding signals artificial made from 257 00:11:55,850 --> 00:11:53,310 somewhere else 258 00:11:59,630 --> 00:11:55,860 I think electromagnetic waves if it's 259 00:12:01,790 --> 00:11:59,640 already proven that flux since the 60s 260 00:12:04,940 --> 00:12:01,800 from from these people front rate and so 261 00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:04,950 on we know that this is the way to go 262 00:12:10,970 --> 00:12:09,140 okay so what about wishes particularly 263 00:12:14,330 --> 00:12:10,980 parts of the electromagnetic spectrum 264 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:14,340 are most interesting so here in this 265 00:12:21,260 --> 00:12:17,610 plot we have wavelength or frequencies 266 00:12:24,110 --> 00:12:21,270 same thing we have a very large 267 00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:24,120 wavelength we have radio on the move in 268 00:12:31,310 --> 00:12:26,480 this direction we have microwaves 269 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:31,320 infrared optical and UV and an x-ray 270 00:12:37,460 --> 00:12:35,010 right so what is plotted showing us here 271 00:12:40,250 --> 00:12:37,470 is they have most very capacity so 272 00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:40,260 basically if you put an instrument on 273 00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:43,110 the surface our planet only in some 274 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:46,110 regions you're actually able to see the 275 00:12:50,660 --> 00:12:48,810 universe right because they almost fear 276 00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:50,670 blocks all of these regions right there 277 00:12:55,490 --> 00:12:53,310 so that kind of limits are you doing any 278 00:12:59,690 --> 00:12:55,500 kind of ground-based experiment 279 00:13:02,300 --> 00:12:59,700 virtually optical infrared and radio but 280 00:13:04,190 --> 00:13:02,310 there is no specifics on which 281 00:13:07,130 --> 00:13:04,200 particular frequency which particular 282 00:13:09,410 --> 00:13:07,140 optical wavelength you want to look you 283 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:09,420 actually want to look all of that so 284 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:12,210 that that requires a lot of time and a 285 00:13:19,720 --> 00:13:17,130 lot of money so luckily years ago the 286 00:13:22,450 --> 00:13:19,730 breakthrough listen program started by 287 00:13:26,060 --> 00:13:22,460 the yuri milner 288 00:13:31,130 --> 00:13:26,070 which is a silicon valley beginner and 289 00:13:33,830 --> 00:13:31,140 to help us here and so this is basically 290 00:13:36,950 --> 00:13:33,840 is winning the lottery and we were able 291 00:13:38,450 --> 00:13:36,960 now to have access to Barry basically 292 00:13:40,910 --> 00:13:38,460 the largest radio telescopes in the 293 00:13:42,860 --> 00:13:40,920 world tell you more about the Green Bank 294 00:13:46,780 --> 00:13:42,870 telescope later also we're doing some 295 00:13:51,020 --> 00:13:46,790 optical observations so this is really 296 00:13:53,270 --> 00:13:51,030 the largest scale SETI program in the 297 00:13:54,290 --> 00:13:53,280 history of humanity so we're very 298 00:13:56,090 --> 00:13:54,300 excited about that 299 00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:56,100 and it's already ongoing weren't already 300 00:14:02,530 --> 00:13:57,770 into way for ten or twenty more years 301 00:14:05,420 --> 00:14:02,540 start this we're already looking for it 302 00:14:07,750 --> 00:14:05,430 there are many programs within break to 303 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:07,760 listen and I just want to give you a 304 00:14:12,530 --> 00:14:10,890 perspective on that what are we having 305 00:14:14,090 --> 00:14:12,540 all these different programs and for 306 00:14:20,330 --> 00:14:14,100 that I just want to show you this slide 307 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:20,340 right here okay okay I'm all that so I 308 00:14:23,540 --> 00:14:22,170 want showing here is the power 309 00:14:24,860 --> 00:14:23,550 distribution of transmitters in the 310 00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:24,870 universe so you can imagine that you 311 00:14:29,660 --> 00:14:27,360 have power here a number of transmitters 312 00:14:33,230 --> 00:14:29,670 so you can imagine then that you have 313 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:33,240 some distribution that a low power you 314 00:14:36,740 --> 00:14:34,650 have a lot of transmitters and a half 315 00:14:38,510 --> 00:14:36,750 hour you don't have that many but we 316 00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:38,520 don't know what distribution really 317 00:14:41,780 --> 00:14:40,710 exists so it might be that you don't 318 00:14:45,830 --> 00:14:41,790 really have that many powerful 319 00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:45,840 transmitters or it could be more flat so 320 00:14:49,730 --> 00:14:48,210 for that we had different projects that 321 00:14:55,070 --> 00:14:49,740 were looking at so nearby stars for 322 00:14:56,300 --> 00:14:55,080 instance we're looking at only policy so 323 00:14:58,670 --> 00:14:56,310 you're looking for nearby stars that 324 00:14:59,810 --> 00:14:58,680 means that they the power of the 325 00:15:03,320 --> 00:14:59,820 transmitter that you're trying to 326 00:15:05,270 --> 00:15:03,330 receive is not strong you can also look 327 00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:05,280 at galaxies and in this case we're 328 00:15:10,730 --> 00:15:07,140 providing this region here for more 329 00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:10,740 powerful transmitters can appoint a 330 00:15:14,660 --> 00:15:13,290 little bit on time here but basically 331 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:14,670 you can also do something in between 332 00:15:20,240 --> 00:15:17,970 were you looking at the our own Milky 333 00:15:21,980 --> 00:15:20,250 Way and the plane of the Milky Way 334 00:15:25,580 --> 00:15:21,990 so we're basically covering all of these 335 00:15:28,220 --> 00:15:25,590 different projects cannot just to to end 336 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:28,230 some of the first results that we have 337 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:32,610 from the bright recent project was 338 00:15:38,690 --> 00:15:36,210 published last year where we look at 700 339 00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:38,700 stars one Vickers and I know when I go 340 00:15:41,870 --> 00:15:39,900 into details now but I just want to 341 00:15:43,340 --> 00:15:41,880 say that sometimes people ask well you 342 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:43,350 know sherry sir should have been going 343 00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:44,250 on for decades 344 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:46,110 you haven't find anything but this is 345 00:15:50,780 --> 00:15:48,210 the the largest study experiment ever 346 00:15:53,150 --> 00:15:50,790 done and you can see this not that large 347 00:15:55,250 --> 00:15:53,160 I mean it's only 700 stars I'm only a 348 00:15:57,140 --> 00:15:55,260 small range of frequencies so there is a 349 00:15:59,270 --> 00:15:57,150 lot of parameter space you to look for 350 00:16:00,590 --> 00:15:59,280 and that we're very sorry the next few 351 00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:00,600 years we're really gonna increase these 352 00:16:05,510 --> 00:16:03,300 numbers quite a lot there is a lot of 353 00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:05,520 stuff that I'm not talking about today I 354 00:16:10,060 --> 00:16:07,650 just want to mention that also you are 355 00:16:12,410 --> 00:16:10,070 doing machine learning we have some 356 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:12,420 collaborations there or other Rey 357 00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:15,090 astronomy as well and if you know any 358 00:16:22,010 --> 00:16:17,160 undergrads that when I come work with us 359 00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:22,020 we actually started our REU program a 360 00:16:27,560 --> 00:16:23,970 couple years ago and the new students 361 00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:27,570 are arriving today well yesterday I just 362 00:16:31,970 --> 00:16:29,910 want to finish with this here we should 363 00:16:34,010 --> 00:16:31,980 really be very exploration off for me 364 00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:34,020 from a Stephen Hawking that passed away 365 00:16:39,230 --> 00:16:37,530 this year he's gonna read it to you to 366 00:16:41,540 --> 00:16:39,240 understand the universe you must know 367 00:16:44,300 --> 00:16:41,550 about atoms about forces that bind them 368 00:16:47,090 --> 00:16:44,310 the countries with space and time the 369 00:16:50,330 --> 00:16:47,100 verge of deaths of stars the dance of 370 00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:50,340 galaxies the secrets of black holes but 371 00:16:55,910 --> 00:16:53,610 that is not enough these ideas cannot 372 00:16:57,500 --> 00:16:55,920 explain everything they can explain the 373 00:17:00,200 --> 00:16:57,510 lights of stars who know the lies that 374 00:17:01,850 --> 00:17:00,210 child from Planet Earth to understand 375 00:17:12,680 --> 00:17:01,860 these lights you must know about life 376 00:17:19,090 --> 00:17:12,690 about minds thanks thank you very much 377 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:22,760 so all these new surveys and everything 378 00:17:28,910 --> 00:17:25,530 with the lottery money are looking 379 00:17:30,260 --> 00:17:28,920 really cool but all of these things that 380 00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:30,270 you're talking about like lasers and 381 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:33,660 radio over any sort of distance those 382 00:17:39,460 --> 00:17:36,450 require both a directional transmitter 383 00:17:41,750 --> 00:17:39,470 and a directional receiver am i right 384 00:17:43,580 --> 00:17:41,760 not necessarily okay 385 00:17:45,980 --> 00:17:43,590 because it seems like when you have to 386 00:17:48,620 --> 00:17:45,990 have a directional transmitter and a 387 00:17:51,710 --> 00:17:48,630 directional receiver that are completely 388 00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:51,720 uncoordinated trying to point at the 389 00:17:55,820 --> 00:17:53,610 same place at the same time you 390 00:17:57,860 --> 00:17:55,830 you wind up having your limiting factor 391 00:18:00,020 --> 00:17:57,870 sort of be patients rather than 392 00:18:02,870 --> 00:18:00,030 necessarily the ability of your 393 00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:02,880 equipment to do something and that 394 00:18:08,150 --> 00:18:05,910 factor into how these sort of surveys 395 00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:08,160 are proceeding right I cannot give a 396 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:10,530 general answer so there is a lot of 397 00:18:15,350 --> 00:18:13,770 parameter space to cover right so if you 398 00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:15,360 get a signal coming from the other side 399 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:17,910 of our galaxy takes thousands of years 400 00:18:24,020 --> 00:18:20,490 to get here so this temporality issue 401 00:18:25,909 --> 00:18:24,030 it's there we also I mean there is a lot 402 00:18:27,350 --> 00:18:25,919 of space and frequencies to cover and we 403 00:18:29,090 --> 00:18:27,360 don't really know what is the preferred 404 00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:29,100 option so what you want to do with any 405 00:18:32,930 --> 00:18:31,200 experiment or what we're trying with our 406 00:18:34,909 --> 00:18:32,940 advancing technologies to increase 407 00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:34,919 really this parameter as much as we can 408 00:18:50,450 --> 00:18:39,450 so more time or frequency more space in 409 00:18:52,970 --> 00:18:50,460 the sky well so I appreciate enhance and 410 00:18:55,789 --> 00:18:52,980 about the seating I feel challenged 411 00:18:58,730 --> 00:18:55,799 about city is probably you need to make 412 00:19:01,850 --> 00:18:58,740 the instrument like very much cheaper 413 00:19:05,060 --> 00:19:01,860 than now so you somehow can coverage 414 00:19:08,990 --> 00:19:05,070 basically the host guy and you know for 415 00:19:12,350 --> 00:19:09,000 whom many many longer time that is what 416 00:19:14,060 --> 00:19:12,360 my thinking the other thing I don't it's 417 00:19:16,820 --> 00:19:14,070 just my thinking I'm not doing anything 418 00:19:20,030 --> 00:19:16,830 with setting it's probably that I saw 419 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:20,040 let some people I want to putting like 420 00:19:25,340 --> 00:19:23,010 an observatory or less for some house to 421 00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:25,350 the moon where you don't be limited with 422 00:19:30,169 --> 00:19:28,110 the weight where so maybe it could be 423 00:19:36,530 --> 00:19:30,179 you know combining with other astronomy 424 00:19:38,210 --> 00:19:36,540 projects to say this just might be yeah 425 00:19:41,150 --> 00:19:38,220 I didn't cover much of already astronomy 426 00:19:44,750 --> 00:19:41,160 but so there is a lot of advancements on 427 00:19:46,730 --> 00:19:44,760 what we call wide feel radius tournament 428 00:19:49,010 --> 00:19:46,740 so basically you have these kinds of a 429 00:19:52,669 --> 00:19:49,020 race of telescopes and it can cover very 430 00:19:54,140 --> 00:19:52,679 wide areas of the sky so and this is a 431 00:19:57,049 --> 00:19:54,150 technology that is advancing we're 432 00:19:58,820 --> 00:19:57,059 rapidly in the last years there is for 433 00:20:00,080 --> 00:19:58,830 instance a ska this one of the newest 434 00:20:02,570 --> 00:20:00,090 cell radio telescopes that we're really 435 00:20:05,779 --> 00:20:02,580 looking forward to to to work with in 436 00:20:08,450 --> 00:20:05,789 the case of the moon yeah 437 00:20:10,789 --> 00:20:08,460 of us not just in the cellar community 438 00:20:12,469 --> 00:20:10,799 but also in the real strano me community 439 00:20:17,570 --> 00:20:12,479 in general were very interested on that 440 00:20:19,999 --> 00:20:17,580 of course it's expensive so I have a 441 00:20:21,649 --> 00:20:20,009 question as well you put up some figures 442 00:20:24,639 --> 00:20:21,659 there that look very optimistic 443 00:20:26,479 --> 00:20:24,649 regarding technology at least at the 444 00:20:29,659 --> 00:20:26,489 civilization level that we're at 445 00:20:32,599 --> 00:20:29,669 technology level these 1 to 10 to 12 446 00:20:34,159 --> 00:20:32,609 really big number what I'm wondering is 447 00:20:36,109 --> 00:20:34,169 what's your take in terms of the silence 448 00:20:37,549 --> 00:20:36,119 and then the second portion of that you 449 00:20:43,369 --> 00:20:37,559 have any opinion regarding Cadi star 450 00:20:45,469 --> 00:20:43,379 thanks right let's see so I'm sure if I 451 00:20:51,649 --> 00:20:45,479 can really go back but so basically the 452 00:20:54,019 --> 00:20:51,659 numbers that I was showing is so 453 00:21:01,580 --> 00:20:54,029 basically the numbers that I was showing 454 00:21:03,680 --> 00:21:01,590 are knots ok well it's basically the 455 00:21:05,539 --> 00:21:03,690 number of stars that you can search 456 00:21:09,289 --> 00:21:05,549 right so I'm not saying that they're 457 00:21:11,330 --> 00:21:09,299 like a million bees out there I'm saying 458 00:21:14,479 --> 00:21:11,340 that you can search whatever on current 459 00:21:17,269 --> 00:21:14,489 telescopes we can search say a million 460 00:21:22,969 --> 00:21:17,279 stars and see if any of those has any 461 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:22,979 signal coming we sure about the the rest 462 00:21:26,690 --> 00:21:24,210 of your question there but about Tavi 463 00:21:29,599 --> 00:21:26,700 star can tell you that there has been a 464 00:21:32,210 --> 00:21:29,609 lot of evolution at the last year there 465 00:21:35,570 --> 00:21:32,220 I really have any specifics to say right 466 00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:35,580 now but it seems that I think most of 467 00:21:40,969 --> 00:21:37,320 the community is moving out towards a 468 00:21:54,669 --> 00:21:40,979 more natural cause than a artificial 469 00:21:59,419 --> 00:21:56,600 yo so you 470 00:22:01,940 --> 00:21:59,429 I remember from last year actually you 471 00:22:07,159 --> 00:22:01,950 mentioned that you're looking for very 472 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:07,169 very narrow lines right so I know a 473 00:22:14,930 --> 00:22:11,250 hydrogen line is pretty sharp now it can 474 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:14,940 be make anything finer than that 475 00:22:24,110 --> 00:22:19,410 sure so when you have a hydrogen line in 476 00:22:27,049 --> 00:22:24,120 in space you you actually have it that 477 00:22:28,970 --> 00:22:27,059 will be say thousands of Hertz wide and 478 00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:28,980 we know these measures have the same or 479 00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:31,860 even wider so that signals that were 480 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:33,890 looking for a say a thousand times